Usa Today and Wall Street Journal Swot - 1643 Words

USA TODAY Strengths 1. Hotel Circulation 2. Cheaper for Technological Circulation 3. Number One For Sports Coverage 4. Relates To More People Who Do Not Have A Strong Business Background 5. Easier Comprehension For Lower Education Level Readers 6. More Popular in Lower Income Families (under $80,000) 7. Use of Google Ads 8. Popularity Greatly Exceeds the Competition Outside the WSJ 9. Short Distribution to Circulators Weaknesses 1. Decline of Paper Reading 2. Availability of Free Online Articles Before Subscription 3. Lack of Youth Appeal- Average Age is 50 Years Old 4. More of A Domestic Newspaper Compared to the WSJ, offered in London and a few select cities 5. Wide Range of Coverage That†¦show more content†¦* As internet readers increase, save money on using less paper, ink ,etc. Also can eliminate some salary expenses (delivery boy, etc.) * A decrease in operating costs will open up the opportunity for them to focus on the popularity of Internet media. * Could transition from a daily paper to a weekly, or just three times a week * Lessen costs and encourage web participation * Set distribution which provides a guaranteed advertisement community * The set advertisement community guarantees loyalty to the switch to internet media, and a steady income from advertisements (the main source of income) * Information demand is increasing * With the switch to Internet media, an increase in in formation demand provides increased popularity and focus of one of the top two leading news sites. * Increased advertisement opportunities * As their main source of income, this will potentially create growth * Plummeting stock market * Increases public desire/need for information * Journalism education focusing on the internet * New fresh minds focusing on the future of media Threats * Groupon * Other, cheaper advertisement opportunities * Other forms of print Radio, TV, magazines (The Economist) * Competition for the same information * Other free news on the internet * No need to pay for aShow MoreRelatedMarketing Concepts Unit 2 Complete957 Words   |  4 PagesResearch and update the case information as much as possible with current research, and then conduct a comprehensive SWOT analysis for USA Today. Having to deal with dwindling subscription numbers USA Today did two more recent revamps of its newspaper and website. In 2011 the company did a few changes to its layout of the paper including changing the font of some headlines and changing the white space. In May of 2012 the company hired a new president and publisher, Larry Kramer, founder of MarketWatchRead MoreCase 1- Usa Today: Innovation in an Evolving Industry1107 Words   |  5 Pages1. What opportunities in the marketing environment did Gannet seize in launching USA Today? How did the company learn about and respond to the opportunities. Answer these same questions for USAToday.com. The opportunities Gannet seized in launching USA Today was that he knew his audience were readers with very short attention spans and a growing hunger for more information. The newspaper’s primary mission was to provide more news to their readers in less time. This was done by writing inRead MoreUsa Today Swot Analysis Essay1698 Words   |  7 PagesUSA Today has long been one of the nation’s leading newspapers. It started in 1982 and quickly became very popular because of its new format, colorful pictures and charts, and condensed articles. The paper targeted a different demographic than its predecessors and was able to get more people interested in newspapers than had previously been. USA today grew quickly and appealed to many different age groups because of their attention to not only the current issues but also celebrity news and a strongRead MoreStarwood Is A Hotel And Leisure Company1421 Words   |  6 Pageshas much potential. The potential for growth is abundant, but Starwood has some weaknesses that need better management. Compared to their competition, Starwood has a high debt burden (SWOT Analysis, 2016). Unlike their competition, they still rely heavily on a 3rd party reservations from the internet company (SWOT Analysis, 2016). Due to their strengths in brand and loyalty, but weaknesses that are primarily rooted in poor oversight and management, sets Starwood up for expansion or merger withRead MoreSwot Analysis : Usa Today s First National General Interest Daily Newspaper2120 Words   |  9 PagesUSA Today debuted in 1982 as America’s first national general-interest daily newspaper by Allen H. Gannett who was Chairman of Gannett Co., Inc., until 1989 And it achieved rapid success due its innovative format. Now USA Today worth $4.7 billion and Gannett is a global information juggernaut that publishes 82 daily and 700 nondaily newspapers and affiliated websites, together with 23 broadcast television stations in operations reaching 18.2% of the U.S. population. The case provides an overviewRead MoreCompetition For The Coffee Industry855 Words   |  4 Pagescompanies have to fight for market share, as consumers are slowing down their spending. As the recession began more and more consumers started tu rning to companies who offer a decent cup of coffee, at affordable prices rather than high-end retailers. Today the three largest companies in the US coffee industry are Starbucks, Dunkin Donuts and McDonald’s (â€Å"Spiderbook†). These three industry leaders market share depends on their ability to deliver high-quality, yet affordable, products, secure prime locationsRead MoreNew York Times Paywall Case Essay2741 Words   |  11 Pagestried by the most popular American newspaper website before and the question is whether or not this strategy can help The Times evolve with the ever-changing technologies and continue to live up to its motto: All the News That’s Fit to Print. SWOT External Environment Assessment The newspaper industry in the United States is in major need of a transformation. Over the past decade, circulation numbers have been declining for weekday and weekend editions according to the Newspaper AssociationRead MoreStarbucks Swot Analysis1821 Words   |  8 PagesSWOTT Analysis Mirror, mirror, on the wall, whos the fairest of them all? Ââ€" The Queen in Snow White. Beauty is only skin deep, companies must also look within to secure longevity. Before a company can successfully bring a mission statement and vision to fruition, they must take a good hard look into the mirror. A company must reflect upon internal strengths and weaknesses, external opportunities and threats, and consider the trends associated with each (SWOT analysis). The fundamental processRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Sears An American Chain Of Department Stores2203 Words   |  9 Pages SWOT Analysis Report Company: Sears Scope In this report, I will focus on Sears (An American chain of department stores). I will provide a brief profile of the company, highlighting the most relevant information pertaining to the company. Through the sources, I will present the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing the company, and discuss some of the reasons it has been failing to compete with other major companies in the industry. In addition, I will discuss some of theRead MoreStarbucks Corporation Situation Analysis and Swot Essay2668 Words   |  11 Pageslower prices. Strong competition drives Starbucks to differentiate itself from other companies and create value for customers in a unique way. Although Blenz, Waves, and Tim Hortons sell similar products, they do not match Starbucks in global scale. Today, Starbucks has over 13,000 locations in 39 countries, making it a highly recognized brand (Datamonitor). On account of its great locations, Starbucks appeals to a number of mainstream and potential customers (Thompson John). Furthermore, positioning

Artificial Intelligences Mental Illness †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Can Artificial Intelligences Suffer From Mental Illness? Answer: Introduction The report will discuss in detail about the concept of artificial intelligence and its association with emotions and feelings. The discussion will be discussed in context with different classical theories of ethics. There is constant debate on the concept of artificial intelligence and its connection with different emotions like pain or love or basic level of consciousness. The debate continues to annoy the researchers since the concept is not yet defined formally. An author namely Alan Turing was actually could bypass different kinds of semantics by aiming on how artificial intelligent could perform completely against a human as per the test (Calvo et al, 2016). The current practical reality also says that the advance level financial intelligence and different attached technologies is related on whether it shows a true kind of consciousness or not. This is however associated with a challenge of whether the concept will show human like disability in mind or not. Discussion Understanding the basic nature based on intelligence has constantly questioned an issues in order to clarify philosophical as well as practical distinction between artificial and human intelligence. It is important to understand here that Turing Test as well as interpretation in modern world stays controversial and still it can polarize and complete separates the scientific sectors. In the field of psychiatry and clinical psychology has made some crucial conclusions which are based on recognizing the state of mental illness and also showing the main causes that are more challenging than it may actually seem (Copeland, 2015). Utilitarian theory The concept of utilitarianism is based on normative ethical theory that usually places a lot of attention of right as well as wrong consequences by selecting one policy over varied actions. It actually goes way beyond the overall scope of anybody interest and focus on interest of other people. Since the topic discusses a hypothetical situation where the robots can suffer from mental illness as per the human diagnostic lens but there are series of important questions needs to be asked here like the concept of mental illness in robot will be for real or will this be simple mimicking impact. Or will these robots will undergo suffering same as human being and also considering that the AI can be designed as well as programmed to suffer from any kind of cognitive challenge. There are varied actions as per the utilitarian theory and the decision on right and wrong can be very challenging (Ashrafian et al, 2015). The robots did not show any change in the psychology as well as processing based analysis so that while considering the case of any mental illness, they cannot consider suffering from it. Therefore when making a conclusion on the basis of assumption and argument against the Szaszian theory says that we can include the notion that either tests the material change in the ro bots with right diagnoses or robots did have minds and the analysis of material will not be able to measure the underlying mental disorder. Deontological theory The theory of Deontological ethics in philosophy is based on diverse ethical theories that actually place special attention on relationship that exist between the duty as well as the morality of diverse human actions. The theory is based on action that considers morally good actions since same feature of action itself not because the product of the action is not enough. The assumption that the robots are actually suffering from any kind of mental illness, and then all the arguments pitched against theory of Szaszian will consist of the notion that either cannot be evaluated for the change in material or in the robots to right tests any illness or robot will actually have a mind of their own and the analysis of material will not be able to measure the mental disorders (Constantinou et al, 2016). Virtue theory The concept of virtue theory or ethics is based on the concept for ethics that focuses on an individual character since the key components of ethical thinking instead of rules are actually based on actions or the results or consequences. The overall possibility of mental health in robots afloat again the previous concepts of elements based on dualism in mental illness where such disorders are divided as the non-physical kind of elements. As per the Cartesian dualism also shows that such diseases actually present in all the no-physical component of soul, consciousness, and mind that are clearly discussed concepts (Poo et al, 2016). The fact based on dualism also suggests that all the non-physical elements in the brain can actually communicate with the present physical elements. Contract theory The concept of contract theory is just not based on the study of many legally binding contracts. When it is defined broadly, it also studies the overall design of formal as well as informal management which encourage masses with many conflicting choices that needs to be taken on mutual grounds with many beneficial actions (Yampolskiy, 2014). The concept of contract theory also guides people in forming a structure based arrangement that exist between the employees and the company. In short, the contract theory is based on providing each party with right kind of incentives or encouragements to function effectively at one place. In case of any kind of mental illness, disorders are based on many non-physical elements related with brand and it reflects in physical segments. There are some other issues as well like mentally ill patients conscious, sentient along with some measured intelligence. The issue is whether the presence of three features is based on an entity which also means that the concept of mental illness can emerge at any time (Horvitz Mulligan, 2015). The concept remain controversial dividing all the philosophical based zombies in all type of cases for human and an entity with right consciousness must also show the mental disorder that at some level actually exist as a part of disorder when consciousness is there. Conclusion In real world, sentience is actually considered as the part of experiencing any kind of pleasure or pain. It is considered as a proxy for the matter of self awareness and in turn also lead to anticipation for the definition that can still be materialize and views can be challenged continuously. The concept of consciousness remains as a vague concept and seemingly is a part of objective property of intelligence (Gravenhorst et al, 2015). The philosophical vies can also argue that it sometimes become impossible to discuss anything other than being conscious, but from the practical angle, the growth of technologies that shows conscious mind in the kind of artificial intelligence make many strides. If the presence of artificial mind operates to work as per consciousness so they will also have the potential to become vastly dysfunctional while dealing with mental illness. Reference Ashrafian, H., Darzi, A., Athanasiou, T. (2015). A novel modification of the Turing test for artificial intelligence and robotics in healthcare.The International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery,11(1), 38-43. Calvo, R. A., Dinakar, K., Picard, R., Maes, P. (2016, May). Computing in mental health. InProceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems(pp. 3438-3445). ACM. Constantinou, A. C., Fenton, N., Marsh, W., Radlinski, L. (2016). From complex questionnaire and interviewing data to intelligent Bayesian network models for medical decision support.Artificial intelligence in medicine,67, 75-93. Copeland, J. (2015).Artificial intelligence: A philosophical introduction. John Wiley Sons. Gravenhorst, F., Muaremi, A., Bardram, J., Grnerbl, A., Mayora, O., Wurzer, G., ... Trster, G. (2015). Mobile phones as medical devices in mental disorder treatment: an overview.Personal and Ubiquitous Computing,19(2), 335-353. Horvitz, E., Mulligan, D. (2015). Data, privacy, and the greater good.Science, management, 253-255. Poo, M. M., Du, J. L., Ip, N. Y., Xiong, Z. Q., Xu, B., Tan, T. (2016). China Brain Project: basic neuroscience, brain diseases, and brain-inspired computing.Neuron,92(3), 591-596. Yampolskiy, R. V. (2014). Utility function security in artificially intelligent agents.Journal of Experimental Theoretical Artificial Intelligence,26(3), 373-389.

Post-Colonialism in Things Fall Apart” Essay Example

Post-Colonialism in Things Fall Apart† Paper The Post-Colonial literature that describes what happens to a strong African, Asian once colonist settle in the area. Post Colonial literature considers vexed cultural- political questions of national and ethnic identity, otherness, race, imperialism and language, during and after the colonial periods. The term is applied most often to writings from Africa, The Indian subcontinent, The Caribbean, and other regions whose histories during the 20th century are marked by colonialism anti-colonialism movement to post independence society. Things Fall Apart is a major work of Post Colonial literature that describes what happens to a strong Nigerian tribe during colonial rule in colonialism offering and insight into African culture that had not been portrayed before, Things Fall Apart is both a tragic and moving story of and individual set in the wider context of the coming of colonialism, as well as a powerful and complex political statement of cross cultural encounters. â€Å"Turning and turning in the widening gyre, The falcon cannot hear the falconer, Things fall apart; the center cannot hold, Mere anarchy is loosed upon the World. 1† The title â€Å"Things Fall Apart† is taken from W. B. Yeats poem ‘The Second Coming’ . The life of an Igbo tribe on the very cusp of the time when the wave of colonization washed over Africa set in Nigeria. The book flows story ‘Okonkwo’, the son of ne’er do well, who is determined not to end up a failure like his father, but wants to follow tradition and rise in rank within the tribe. But just as the title predicts, Okonkwo’s plans for a perfect life go astray. Change is inevitable and even the best lead plans to astray. We will write a custom essay sample on Post-Colonialism in Things Fall Apart† specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Post-Colonialism in Things Fall Apart† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Post-Colonialism in Things Fall Apart† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the turbulent time settings, Okonkwo is doomed to loose the traditions he cherishes as his society slowly falls apart. The first part of the novel discuss with suffering and sorrows of the natives due to illiteracy. They are far away from modernization and having their own circle of ethic, morality and manners. They live with their tradition, custom, ritual and savage culture. The second part deals with the theme of exploration and exploitations. It expresses the arrival of Europeans in the Africa and exploitation of Europeans in African native Nigro. The men like Mr. Brown and Mr. James Smith being the rule policy in Umufia. They destroy native African culture by introducing Christianity. The marginal African like Osu Ibu people are attracted towards Christen religion as a result of that native African culture collapsed in Umufia. Post-Colonial theory thinks about subaltern, Marginal, hybrid people, the other, the untouchables of the whole world. The writers like Edward Said, G. C. Spivak and Homi Bhabha even Chinua Achebe focus the suffering of marginal and expose the cruel imperial rule. Okonkwo the protagonist feels great insult of his culture and nation, he has fight against British Imperialism and other hand he has to fight against his own people. At a time he is fighting world war and civil war. On both levels he defeated because of cruel power of colonization, imperialism. When realized his helplessness dominance of imperialism he commits suicide. This Tragic end of Okonkwo doesn’t mean the real defeat- he has expressed his rage, revolt and strong protest towards the British cruel rule in Umufia. Though he died, he made the reads of the world to think about his commitment. He made the imperialist to do self-introspection give justice to the natives of Africa. So, the death of Okonkwo is not defeat but freedom fighter; his death is to be considered as a heroic deed. In this way â€Å"Things Fall Apart† proves a post-colonial novel. Reference: 1)Things Fall Apart- Chinua Achebe 2)Oxford Literary Dictionary 3)Literay Terms- M. H Abraham 4)English Literature- W. J. Long 5)History of English Literature- Goodman

Utilizing Newspaper Advertisem essays

Utilizing Newspaper Advertisem essays The 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s are often considered three of the most controversial, radical, and progressive decades in American history. Many politically, socially, and economically vital events took place during these eras that forever transformed America and its citizens. However, while domestic and global catastrophes such as the Great Depression and World War II enabled certain minorities, such as women, to achieve limited social progresses (temporarily increasing their number in the work force and higher wages), it also provided an opportunity for the society to reinforce traditional perceptions of women. One medium in which this notion is clearly exhibited is in newspaper advertisements. After systematically analyzing several newspaper advertisements from the nationally distributed newspaper, the Saturday Evening Post, from three different decades, separated from one another by exactly ten years starting with 1925, the pitch and language used in these advertisements seemed t o support the idea that despite the historical events that occurred during these time periods, mainstream advertisements consistently reinforced Americas conservative belief that a proper womans place was still in the home taking care of her children and performing domestic tasks. The 1920s, also known as the Roaring Twenties, produced an era of prosperity and well being as the result of the second industrial revolution in manufacturing. Yet, contrary to this popular depiction, Americas increased wealth during this time was not equally distributed among its people: Amid prosperity and progress, there were large pockets of the country that lagged behind. Advances in real income and improvements in the standard of living for workers and farmers were uneven at best. During the 1920s one-quarter of all American workers were employed in agriculture, yet the farm sector failed to share in the general prosperity (...

Young Goodman Brown Quotes

Young Goodman Brown Quotes Young Goodman Brown is a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne (author of The Scarlet Letter) that centers around a young Puritan in New England and his deal with the Devil. Young Goodman Brown is famous for being a representation of American Romantic literature and is often studied in American literature classrooms as an important short work involving the Puritans and other essential themes. Read the story and check out some of the most iconic quotes from the story, then compare Young Goodman Brown with another famous American story about a mans Faustian deal with the Devil, The Devil and Tom Walker by Washington Irving. Quotes Prithee put off your journey until sunrise and sleep in your own bed to-night. A lone woman is troubled with such dreams and such thoughts that shes afeard of herself sometimes. Pray tarry with me this night, dear husband, of all nights in the year. The traveler knows not who may be concealed by the innumerable trunks and the thick boughs overhead; so that with lonely footsteps he may yet be passing through an unseen multitude. On he flew among the black pines, brandishing his staff with frenzied gestures, now giving vent to an inspiration of horrid blasphemy, and now shouting forth such laughter as set all the echoes of the forest laughing like demons around him. The fiend in his own shape is less hideous than when he rages in the breast of man. The young man sat a few moments by the roadside, applauding himself greatly, and thinking with how clear a conscience he should meet the minister in his morning walk, nor shrink from the eye of good old Deacon Gookin. With this excellent resolve for the future, goodman Brown felt himself justified in making more haste on his present evil purpose. He beheld the figure of a man, in grave and decent attire. But, irreverently consorting with these grave, reputable, and pious people, these elders of the church, these chaste dames and dewy virgins, there were men of dissolute lives and women of spotted fame, wretches given over to all mean and filthy vice, and suspected even of horrid crimes. It was strange to see that the good shrank not from the wicked, nor were the sinners abashed by the saints. By the sympathy of your human hearts for sin ye shall scent out all the places-whether in church, bedchamber, street, field, or forest-where crime has been committed, and shall exult to behold the whole earth one stain of guilt, one mighty blood spot. The fiend in his own shape is less hideous than when he rages in the breast of man. Now are ye undeceived. Evil is the nature of mankind. Evil must be your only happiness. Welcome again, my children, to the communion of your race.

Bill Clinton's Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bill Clinton's Speech - Essay Example Within hours of this confessional breakfast, the internet was a flurry of activity. The news of the speech, and the opinions of this president by millions around the world was spread, and the net seemed to close on William Jefferson Clinton. In a 445-page document, all posted on the internet, Kenneth Starr, the independent counsel, had found Bill Clinton liable to impeachment on eleven counts involving perjury, obstruction of justice, witness tampering, and abuse of authority. This indictment was supported by an agonizing and scandalous telling of details. In the Paula Jones case, Clinton had denied, under oath, ever having had sexual relations with "that woman, Miss Lewinsky". Therefore, Mr. Starr has provided a lurid and sometimes funny account of Bill Clinton's "sexual encounters" with Monica Lewinsky, a 21-year-old intern at the White House. This section of the report revealed Clinton "as a middle-aged urchin, dangerously vulnerable, lacking judgment, self-control and integrity. Public attention worldwide has naturally centered on this section of the Starr Report." (Ahmad) The response to the President's speech, varied among the many religious communities of the United States. Several who were present told reporters later that they had been deeply moved by the president's speech Dr. Joan Brown Campbell, general secretary of the US National Council of Churches, the largest ecumenical organization in the country, described the temper of the audience as "deeply spiritual". She believed Clinton to be penitent. She also told reporters that even so she wasn't sure if the United States was "prepared to be led by a repentant sinner." (Herlinger) A well-known African American clergyman, James Forbes, senior minister of New York City's Riverside Church, said in a television interview following the address that "it felt like a real holy moment. There was not a single false note. Here is a man who has been anointed by grace and awaits restoration," said Forbes. (Herlinger) Clinton emphatically denied doing anything wrong, following the accusations that surfaced in early 1998. He clearly stated he had no "sexual contact" with a young White House intern. These accusations were made in the course of a civil lawsuit against then President Clinton, in an alleged act of sexual harassment occurring while he was governor of Arkansas. Clinton was accused of lying to a grand jury about his sexual relations with Monica Lewinsky, the young intern. Having been caught in a series of lies about his personal affairs demanded a public response. That response took the shape of the "I have sinned" speech, delivered September 11, 1998, and one other delivered August 17, 1998. The September speech can be considered effective because it shifted the public focus in such a way that Clinton's character appealed to his audience. (Harris) Considering the two speeches to be Clinton's apologia to the American public several constants can be identified that contributed to the effectiveness, particularly the September speech. 1) Ethical appeals precede logical appeals; 2) Offensive remarks follow defensive remarks; 3) Most evidence appears in the middle third apologia; and 4) The argument resembles previously used arguments. A fifth constant more recently added to this list is an apologia ends with an appeal to

Instructional Strategies for ELL Classrooms Essay

Instructional Strategies for ELL Classrooms - Essay Example With input, the focus should be on the student and the extent to which he understands (Gass et al 1994). Researchers admit that nonuse takes place when the information contained in the input is included into a learner's grammar. However, the fact that the information is already included into a grammar does not necessarily exclude it from being utilized--although it may be used in a different way from what one normally thinks of. When the information contained in the input is already a part of one's knowledge base, the additional input might be used for rule strengthening or hypothesis reconfirmation. Part of becoming a fluent speaker of a second language involves the automatic retrieval of information from one's knowledge base. The knowledge base is developed through practice or repeated exposure to exemplars. Thus, information that may appear redundant may be serving an important purpose in terms of the access the learner has to that information (Jonassen and Hannum 1998). 2. Feedback is important technique in learning because it helps a student to understand his mistakes and correct them at once. Feedback should be supported by events such as motivating students, communicating the learning objectives, directing students' attention, activating related knowledge, providing guidance, promoting transfer (generalization), eliciting performance, and providing feedback. The teachers' statements, which are spontaneous and oral, are more difficult to categorize than the written statements of the authors. The content and grammar of the teachers' statements were less structured and precise than those of the authors. On-going, specific and immediate feedback helps teachers to save time and direct learning process. Feedback encourages students to uimprove. Several analogies constructed for the same concept can help the students view the target concept from different perspectives. The analogies function like conceptual lenses, with each one bringing different feat ures of the concept into sharper focus (Kitajima and Polson 1997). Teachers also are encouraged to use the model to construct additional analogies to complement an author's analogy. Several analogies constructed for the same concept can help the students view the target concept from different perspectives. The analogies function like conceptual lenses, with each one bringing different features of the concept into sharper focus. During normal or stable times, scientific activities turn to the refinement of established knowledge claims. But the review of historical documents and actual practice of scientists revealed that there are also times when members of a scientific community are in disagreement about what are the appropriate background knowledge and critical problems that should guide the design of investigations and the evaluation of evidence and knowledge claims (Gass et al 1994). 3. Taken together, instructional steps are a direct outcome of teacher assessment decisions that begin to alter the dynamics of the classroom learning environment. The public expression of what matters and what is valued begins to change. As students learn the criteria, they not only learn the rules of the game in the classroom, they also learn what is valued in the scientific discipline (Manouchehri 2001). Other models include having students work in pairs or small groups to come to a consensus view through